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eLibrary >
ASHRAE District Cooling Guide, Second Edition and Owner’s Guide for Buildings Served by District Cooling >
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ASHRAE District Cooling Guide, Second Edition and Owner’s Guide for Buildings Served by District Cooling, 2019
- ASHRAE-Book-DistrictCoolingGuide-2ed-2019 [Go to Page]
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Acronyms
- Chapter 1—Introduction
- PURPOSE AND SCOPE
- DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- DISTRICT COOLING HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS
- APPLICABILITY
- BENEFITS [Go to Page]
- Environmental Benefits
- Economic Benefits to Building Owners
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 2—Alternative Development and System Planning
- INTRODUCTION
- ESTABLISH AND CLARIFY OWNER’S SCOPE
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE DATABASE
- ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT [Go to Page]
- Codes and Standards
- Special Considerations for DCS
- Local and Institutional Constraints
- Integrated Processes
- Not-in-Kind and Novel Approaches
- Phased Development and Construction
- Central Plant Siting
- Chiller Selection
- Refrigerant Selection
- Chilled-Water Distribution Systems
- Unconventional Working Fluids
- Construction Considerations and Cost
- Consumer Interconnection
- TYPICAL RESPONSIBILITY OF DISTRICT COOLING PARTICIPANTS [Go to Page]
- Responsibility of the DCS Provider
- Responsibility of the DCS Customer
- Responsibility of the DCS Design Engineer
- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND USER RATES
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 3—Central Plant
- PLANT COMPONENTS AND ALTERNATIVE ARRANGEMENTS
- TEMPERATURE DESIGN BASIS FOR THE CENTRAL PLANT
- CHILLER BASICS [Go to Page]
- Chiller Types
- Chiller Performance Limitations
- Vapor-Compression Refrigerants Selection and Phase-Out Plans
- Electrical-Driven, Water-Cooled Centrifugal Chillers
- Engine-Driven Chillers
- Absorption Chillers
- CHILLER CONFIGURATION [Go to Page]
- Selecting Chiller Quantity and Size
- Level of Redundancy Required
- CHILLER STAGING
- CHILLER ARRANGEMENTS AND PUMPING CONFIGURATIONS [Go to Page]
- Chiller Arrangements
- Circulating Fundamentals
- Absorption Plus Centrifugal Chillers
- PUMPING SCHEMES [Go to Page]
- Plant Pumping
- Pressure Gradient in CHW Distribution Systems
- Part-Load Condition
- Distribution Network Pumping-System Configurations
- CHW Primary Pumping Configuration
- Plant Condenser Pumping Arrangement
- Condenser-Water Piping and Pumping for Unequal Numbers of Chillers and Cooling Towers
- Pumps
- HEAT REJECTION [Go to Page]
- Heat Rejection Equipment
- CONDENSER WATER [Go to Page]
- COOLING TOWERS
- Tower Selection
- Fan Speed Type
- Draft Type
- Tower Location and Layout
- Tower Basin
- Tower Fill Options
- Materials of Construction
- Water Sources
- WATER FILTRATION SYSTEMS
- AIR VENTING
- PLANT PIPING AND INSULATION
- MECHANICAL ROOM DESIGN
- ELECTRICAL ROOM DESIGN
- REFERENCES
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Chapter 4—Distribution Systems
- INTRODUCTION
- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TYPES
- PIPING AND JACKETING MATERIALS [Go to Page]
- Steel
- Copper
- Ductile Iron
- Cementitious Pipe
- FRP
- PVC
- PE and HDPE
- PIPING SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- Factors to Consider when Choosing Piping Material for a DCS
- LEAK DETECTION
- CATHODIC PROTECTION
- GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- VALVE VAULTS AND ENTRY PITS [Go to Page]
- Valve Vault Issues
- THERMAL DESIGN CONDITIONS
- SOIL THERMAL PROPERTIES [Go to Page]
- Soil Thermal Conductivity
- Temperature Effects on Soil Thermal Conductivity and Frost Depth
- Specific Heat of Soils
- UNDISTURBED SOIL TEMPERATURES [Go to Page]
- Heat Transfer at Ground Surface
- INSULATIONS AND THEIR THERMAL PROPERTIES
- STEADY-STATE HEAT GAIN CALCULATIONS FOR SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
- Single Uninsulated Buried Pipe
- Single Buried Insulated Pipe
- Two Buried Pipes or Conduits
- WHEN TO INSULATE district cooling PIPING [Go to Page]
- Energy Cost Impact of Heat Gain
- Cost of Additional Chiller Plant Capacity
- Impacts of Heat Gain on Delivered Supply Water Temperature
- References
- Chapter 5—End User Interface
- TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL CONTROL
- CONNECTION TYPES [Go to Page]
- Direct Connection
- Indirect Connection
- COMPONENTS [Go to Page]
- Heat Exchangers
- Flow Control Devices
- Instrumentation and Control
- Temperature Measurement
- Pressure Measurement
- Pressure-Control Devices
- METERING
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 6—Thermal Energy Storage
- OVERVIEW OF TES TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS FOR DISTRICT COOLING
- TES TECHNOLOGY TYPES [Go to Page]
- Latent Heat TES
- Ice TES Summary
- Sensible Heat TES
- Stratification in CHW TES
- CHW TES Summary
- LTF TES Summary
- Comparing TES Technologies
- DRIVERS FOR AND BENEFITS OF Using TES IN DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
- Primary Benefits of Using TES in District Cooling Systems
- Potential Secondary Benefits of Using TES in District Cooling Systems
- SYSTEM INTEGRATION [Go to Page]
- Location of TES Equipment
- Hydraulic Integration of TES
- SIZING AND OPERATION OF TES [Go to Page]
- Full Versus Partial-Shift TES Systems
- Daily Versus Weekly Cycle TES Configurations
- TES Control
- ECONOMICS OF TES IN DISTRICT COOLING [Go to Page]
- Capital Costs
- An Actual Case Study of TES for District Cooling, with Economics (Andrepont and Kohlenberg 2005)
- COMPARING ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES [Go to Page]
- Battery Storage—Advantages and Limitations (Andrepont 2018b)
- TES versus Batteries
- REFERENCES
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Chapter 7—Instrumentation and Controls
- GENERAL
- BMS OR SCADA? [Go to Page]
- Major Differences
- Summary
- SYSTEM COMPONENTS [Go to Page]
- Management Layer
- Communication Layer
- Automation Layer
- Field Instruments Layer
- SYSTEM CONFIGURATION [Go to Page]
- System Structure
- Plant Control Room
- System Features and Capabilities
- OPERATION PHILOSOPHY [Go to Page]
- The ICMS for Plant Management
- Control Philosophy Statement
- ICMS Global Monitoring and Alarming Procedure
- Interface with BMS
- Rotation Sequence
- ENERGY AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- Condenser-Water Return Temperature Setpoint Reset
- CHWS Temperature Setpoint Reset
- TES Tanks
- Chapter 8—Operations and Maintenance
- INTRODUCTION
- WORKPLACE SAFETY
- SECURITY
- DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE [Go to Page]
- Organization and Structure
- DCS CENTRAL PLANT OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
- Chilled-Water Production
- WATER TREATMENT [Go to Page]
- Corrosion
- Corrosion Protection and Preventive Measures
- White Rust on Galvanized Steel Cooling Towers
- SCALE CONTROL [Go to Page]
- Nonchemical Methods
- External Treatments
- BIOLOGICAL GROWTH CONTROL [Go to Page]
- Control Measures
- SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND DEPOSITION CONTROL [Go to Page]
- Mechanical Filtration
- SELECTION OF WATER TREATMENT [Go to Page]
- Once-Through Systems (Seawater or Surface Water Cooling)
- Open Recirculating Systems (Cooling Towers)
- Closed Recirculating Systems (Distribution System)
- European Practice in Closed Distribution Systems
- Water Treatment in Steam Systems
- MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS FOR DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEMS [Go to Page]
- Chilled-Water Distribution System Maintenance
- REFERENCES
- Bibliography
- Appendix A—Heat Transfer at the Ground’s Surface and Subsurface Temperatures
- References
- Appendix B—Case Studies
- Case Study: Business Bay Executive Towers [Go to Page]
- System Overview
- System Performance Metrics
- Chiller Details
- Pumping
- Water Treatment
- Cooling Towers
- Distribution System
- Consumer Interconnect
- Special Features
- Contact for More Information
- Case study: Texas Medical Center [Go to Page]
- System Overview
- System Performance Metrics
- Chiller Details
- Pumping
- Water Treatment
- Cooling Towers
- Thermal Storage
- Distribution System
- Consumer Interconnect
- Special Features
- Contact for More Information
- Case Study: District Cooling St. Paul [Go to Page]
- System Overview
- System Performance Metrics
- Electric Details
- Chiller Details
- Water Treatment
- Cooling Towers
- Thermal Storage
- Distribution System
- Consumer Interconnect
- Special Features
- Environmental and Economic Benefits
- Published Articles on the System or Websites with Details
- Contact for More Information
- CASE STUDY: ABDALI AREA, AMMAN, JORDAN
- System Overview
- System Performance Metrics
- Chiller Details
- Pumping
- Water Treatment
- Air-Cooled Condensers
- Thermal Storage
- Distribution System
- Consumer interconnect
- Special Features
- Environmental and Economic Benefits
- Published Articles on the System or Websites with Details
- Contact for More Information
- Case Study: Abdali Area, Amman, Jordan
- Appendix C—Terminology for District Cooling
- ASHRAE-Book-OwnersGuideDistrict Cooling-2019 [Go to Page]
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1—To the Building Owner
- Introduction
- Capital Cost Advantages
- Operating Cost Advantages
- Life-Cycle Cost Example
- Intangible Benefits of District Cooling [Go to Page]
- Qualitative Benefits
- Refrigerants
- Environmental
- Alternate Energy Sources
- Planning
- Noise, Vibration, and Aesthetics
- Waste Streams and Cooling Tower Drift
- High Reliability
- District Cooling Tariff Structures
- Low Chilled-Water Return Temperature, or Low Delta T
- Selecting the Design Firm for a Building to be served by District Cooling
- References
- Chapter 2—To the Building Designer
- DEFINITION OF RESPONSIBILITIES AND BUILDING REQUIREMENTS [Go to Page]
- Energy Transfer Station Room/Machinery Space
- Water Treatment, Pipe Testing, and Pipe Cleaning
- Commissioning
- TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL CONTROL
- CONNECTION TYPES
- DIRECT CONNECTION
- INDIRECT CONNECTION
- COMPONENTS [Go to Page]
- Pumps and Pump Control
- Piping
- Heat Exchangers
- PHEs [Go to Page]
- Heat-Exchanger Load Characteristics
- Flow-Control Devices
- Instrumentation and Control
- Temperature Measurement
- Pressure Measurement
- Pressure-Control Devices
- METERING
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 3—Existing Buildings: When Design Deficiencies or Other Constraints Prevent Achieving Acceptable DT
- Causes of Low-DT Syndrome
- Best Practices for Selecting Cooling Coils
- Best Practices for Selecting Control Valves
- Control Valve Authority
- Actuator Sizing
- Best Practices for Increasing Chilled-Water Return Temperatures and System DT
- Alternative Methods to Increase Return Water Temperatures
- REFERENCES
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Appendix A—Plant Efficiency Impacts from Low DT at Customers
- Reference
- Appendix B—Case Study in Mitigation of Low DT
- CHILLED-WATER SYSTEM AND LOW-DT SYNDROME DESCRIPTION
- ADDITIONAL NOTES
- TESTS
- Reference [Go to Page]
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