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ASME PTC 19.2 Pressure Measurement Instruments and Apparatus , 1987
- Contents
- Foreword
- Standards Committee Roster
- 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Definitions
- 1.2 Units
- 1.3 Dynamic Measurements
- 1.4 Use of Control and Operating Instrumentation
- 1.5 Two-Phase Fluid Systems
- 1.6 Bibliography
- 2 PRESSURE STANDARDS [Go to Page]
- 2.1 Inter-Laboratory and Transfer Standards
- 2.2 Working Standards
- 3 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Ranges and Accuracies
- 3.2 Piston Gages
- 3.3 Manometers
- 3.4 Pressure Transmitters
- 3.5 Low Absolute-Pressure (Vacuum) Sensors
- 3.6 Elastic Gages
- 3.7 Special Applications of *** P Cells
- 4 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT INSTALLATIONS [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Pressure Taps
- 4.2 Pressure Probes
- 4.3 Connecting Piping
- 4.4 Diaphragm Seals
- 4.5 Installation Effects
- 4.6 Uncertainties in Pressure Measurement
- 5 REFERENCES
- Figures [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Basic Pressure Terms
- 2.1 Pressure Measurement Calibration Hierarchy
- 2.2 Schematic Distortion of Piston and Cylinder in a Simple Piston Gage
- 2.3 Simple Cylinder Piston Gage
- 2.4 Re-entrant Cylinder Piston Gage
- 2.5 Gage Governed by the Controlled Clearance Principle
- 2.6 General Principle of All Manometers
- 2.7 Errors in Column Height Determination (Manometer Tilted by Angle *** About a Horizontal Axis Through the Manometer Tubes)
- 2.8 Errors in Column Height Determination (Manometer Tilted by Angle *** in the Plane of the Tubes)
- 2.9 Differential Pressure Transducer Connected to the Manometer
- 2.10 McLeod Vacuum Manometer
- 2.11 Pivoting McLeod Vacuum Gage
- 3.1 Simple Cylinder Piston Gage
- 3.2 Re-entrant Cylinder Piston Gage
- 3.3 Controlled-Clearance Cylinder Piston Gage
- 3.4 Pneumatic Deadweight Ball Gage
- 3.5 Absolute Pressure Piston Gage
- 3.6 Vacuum Piston Gage
- 3.7 Piston Gage Measurement With a Diaphragm Separator
- 3.8 U-Tube Manometer for Absolute Pressure
- 3.9 U-Tube Manometer for Differential Pressure
- 3.10 Cistern Manometer
- 3.11 Inclined Manometer
- 3.12 Micromanometer (Null Reading)
- 3.13 Fortin Barometer
- 3.14 Bell-Type Element
- 3.15 Slack Diaphragm
- 3.16A Schematic of a Pneumatic Force Balance Differential Pressure Transmitter
- 3.16B Schematic of a Pneumatic Force Balance Tape Drive Servo
- 3.17 Schematic of an Electronic Force Balance Differential Pressure Transmitter
- 3.18 Typical Nozzle Baffle System
- 3.19 Nozzle Backpressure Versus Gap for an Elementary Nozzle Baffle
- 3.20 Schematic Representation of a Double-Sided Variable Capacitance Sensor Head
- 3.21 Schematic Representation of a Single-Sided Variable Capacitance Sensor Head
- 3.22 Inductive Displacement Detector
- 3.23 Preferred Schematic Representation of the LVDT
- 3.24 LVDT Used as a Pressure Transducer
- 3.25 Potentiometric Detector
- 3.26 Strain Gage
- 3.27 Wheatstone Bridge Configuration of the Strain Gage
- 3.28 Full-Bridge Diaphragm Gage
- 3.29 Pressure Transducer With Vibrating Element
- 3.30 Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer
- 3.31 Conventional Piezoelectric System
- 3.32 Charge System
- 3.33 Basic ICP Transducer
- 3.34 Operating Ranges for Pressure Switches
- 3.35 Hickman Vacuum Gage
- 3.36 Diaphragm Pressure Comparator
- 3.37 McLeod Gage
- 3.38 Thermocouple Gage
- 3.39 Pirani Vacuum Gage
- 3.40 Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gage
- 3.41 Phillips-Penning Gage
- 3.42 Ionization Chamber of Alphatron Gage
- 3.43 Langmuir-Dushman Molecular Gage
- 3.44 Bourdon Gage
- 3.45 Bourdon Tubes
- 3.46 Bellows Gage
- 3.47 Slack Diaphragm Gage
- 3.48 Flow Installation
- 3.49 Schematic of Differential-Pressure Transmitter Primary for Flow Measurement
- 3.50 Schematic Diagram of Open-Tank Transmitter Primary
- 3.51 Open-Tank Installation With Transmitter Mounted Directly to Tank Nozzle
- 3.52 Open-Tank Installations With Remote Seal Type of Transmitter
- 3.53 Schematic Diagram of Closed-Tank Transmitter Primary
- 3.54 Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg
- 3.55 Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg Transmitter Above Datum Line
- 3.56 Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg Transmitter Below Datum Line
- 3.57 Closed-Tank Installation, Wet Leg
- 3.58 Closed-Tank Installation, Wet Leg Transmitter Above Datum Line
- 3.59 Closed-Tank Installation, Wet Leg Transmitter Below Datum Line
- 3.60 Closed-Tank Installation, Dry Leg Transmitter Above Upper Process Tap
- 3.61 A 'Repeater' Type Level Measuring Device
- 3.62 Hydrostatic Head Provides One Method of Density Measurement
- 3.63 Differential Hydrostatic Head Increases Sensitivity of Density Measurement
- 3.64 Common Method of Measuring Density of a Process Liquid
- 4.1 Pressure Tap Flow Field
- 4.2 Tap Geometry
- 4.3 Errors for Different Size Taps in Fully Developed Pipe Flow
- 4.4 Relative Tap Errors as Percent of Dynamic Pressure
- 4.5 Impact Tube
- 4.6 Variation of Total Pressure Indication With Angle of Attack and Geometry for Pitot Tubes (After NACA TN 2331, April 1951)
- 4.7 Kiel Probe
- 4.8 Total Pressure Location on a Cylinder in a Flow Field
- 4.9 Static Tube
- 4.10 Pitot-Static Tube
- 4.11 Cylindrical Probe, Principle of Operation
- 4.12 Wedge-Type Probe
- 4.13 Spherical and Cone Type Probes
- 4.14 Basket Probe
- 4.15 Basket Probe With a Pressure Transducer
- 4.16 Magnitude of Probe-Blockage Effects
- 4.17 Magnitude of Probe-Blockage Effects
- 4.18 Typical Pressure Gage Piping Arrangement
- 4.19 Differential Pressure Cross Connection
- 4.20 Tube Configuration Used in Frequency Calculation
- 4.21 Remote Seal With Measuring Element for a Gage Pressure Transmitter
- 4.22 Remote Seal With a Pressure Gage
- 4.23 Remote Seals for Use With a Differential Pressure Transmitter
- 4.24 TransducerSetup
- 4.25 Temperature Distributions in Connecting Tubing
- 4.26 Flow Measurement Transducer Application
- Tables [Go to Page]
- 1.1 Pressure Conversion Factors [3, 4]
- 2.1 Pressure Coefficientb [6]
- 2.2 Density of Manometer Fluids
- 2.3A Density, Thermal Expansion, and Vapor Pressure of Water Versus Temperature in deg C (IPTS-68)
- 2.3B Density, Thermal Expansion, and Vapor Pressure of Mercury Versus Temperature in deg C (IPTS-68)
- 2.4 Capillary Depression in Mercury in Glass Manometers (Surface Tension: 0.45 N/m)
- 3.1 Summary of Pressure-Measuring Device Characteristics
- 3.2 Sensing Elements
- 3.3 Vacuum Measurement Units
- 3.4 Recording of Gage-Test Data Sample
- 3.5 Seal Fluid Selection Chart
- 3.6 Type of Calibration Required for Various Applications
- 3.7 Variations in Density for Different Liquids
- Appendices [Go to Page]
- A Tables of Corrections and Gravity Data
- B Commonly Used Unit Conversion Factors
- Tables [Go to Page]
- A1 Corrections for Temperature to be Applied to Observed Height of Mercury Columns (Assuming Brass Scale is True at 32 deg F)
- A2 Corrections for Temperature to be Applied to Observed Height of Mercury Columns (Assuming Brass Scale is True at 62 deg F)
- A3 Difference Between g1, the Gravitational Acceleration at Mean Sea Level for Given Latitude 0, and Standard Gravitational Acceleration g0 = 32.1740 ft/sec2. Table Gives (g1 - g0) as a Function of Latitude
- A4 Free-Air Gravity Correction Cf = 0.000003086 H ft/sec2, Where Barometer Elevation H is in Feet Above Mean Sea level. Correction Cf is to beloved Subtracted from (g1 - g0)
- A5 Correction of Height of Column to Standard Gravity B *g1 - g0)/g0
- A6 Gravity Data
- B1 Commonly Used Unit Conversion Factors [Go to Page]
