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eLibrary > BS EN IEC 61400-21-1:2019 Wind energy generation systems - Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics. Wind turbines >

BS EN IEC 61400-21-1:2019 Wind energy generation systems - Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics. Wind turbines, 2019

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BS EN IEC 61400-21-1:2019 Wind energy generation systems - Measurement and assessment of electrical characteristics. Wind turbines, 2019

National foreword
Annex ZA(normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications
English [Go to Page]
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 1 – Example of step response
4 Symbols and units
5 Abbreviated terms
6 Wind turbine specification
7 Test conditions and test systems [Go to Page]
7.1 General
7.2 Overview of required test levels
7.3 Test validity
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1 – Overview of required test levels
7.4 Test conditions
7.5 Test equipment
Figure 2 – Measurement system description including the most significant components
Table 2 – Specification of requirements for measurement equipment
8 Measurement and test of electrical characteristics [Go to Page]
8.1 General
8.2 Power quality aspects [Go to Page]
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Flicker during continuous operation
Figure 3 – Fictitious grid for simulation of fictitious voltage [Go to Page]
8.2.3 Flicker and voltage change during switching operations
8.2.4 Harmonics, interharmonics and higher frequency components
8.3 Steady-state operation [Go to Page]
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Observation of active power against wind speed
Figure 4 – Active power as a function of the wind speed (example)
Table 3 – Number of 10-min time-series per wind speed bin
Table 4 – Number of measurements per power bin (10 min average) [Go to Page]
8.3.3 Maximum power
Figure 5 – Number of measurements in power bins (example)
Figure 6 – Number of measurements in wind speed bins (example)
Table 5 – Measured maximum active power values [Go to Page]
8.3.4 Reactive power characteristic (Q = 0)
8.3.5 Reactive power capability
8.3.6 Voltage dependency of PQ diagram
Figure 7 – Example of PQ capability diagram for a given voltage at WT level [Go to Page]
8.3.7 Unbalance factor
8.4 Control performance [Go to Page]
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Active power control
Figure 8 – Adjustment of active power reference value
Figure 9 – Example of active power response step
Table 6 – Accuracy of the active power control values
Table 7 – Results from the active power reference test [Go to Page]
8.4.3 Active power ramp rate limitation
Figure 10 – Example of available active power and activepower in ramp rate limitation modefigue
Table 8 – Active power ramp rate calculation [Go to Page]
8.4.4 Frequency control
Figure 11 – Example of an active power control function P=f(f), with the different measurement points and related steps of frequency
Table 9 – Example of Settings for the frequency dependent active power function [Go to Page]
8.4.5 Synthetic inertia
8.4.6 Reactive power control
Figure 12 – Synthetic inertia – definitions
Figure 13 – Test for static error
Figure 14 – Test of dynamic response (example)
8.5 Dynamic performance [Go to Page]
8.5.1 General
8.5.2 Fault ride-through capability
Table 10 – Test for static error
Table 11 – Test for dynamic response
Figure 15 – Example UVRT test equipment
Figure 16 – Tolerances of the positive sequence voltage for the undervoltage eventwith disconnected WT under test
Figure 17 – Tolerance of positive sequence overvoltage event
Figure 18 – Example OVRT capacitor test unit
Figure 19 – Example of an undervoltage test chart
Table 12 – Example of undervoltage events
Figure 20 – Example of an overvoltage capability curve
Table 13 – Example of overvoltage tests
8.6 Disconnection from grid [Go to Page]
8.6.1 General
8.6.2 Grid protection
Table 14 – Grid protection tests
Figure 21 – Example of step ramp for overvoltage or frequency testing
Figure 22 – Example of pulse ramp for over voltage or frequency testing
Figure 23 – Example of the test levels to determine the release time [Go to Page]
8.6.3 Test of rate of change of frequency RoCoF (df/dt) protection device
8.6.4 Reconnection test
Annex A (informative)Reporting [Go to Page]
A.1 Overview
A.2 General
Table A.1 – General report information
Table A.2 – General data
Table A.3 – Nominal data
Table A.4 – Test conditions
A.3 Power quality aspects
Figure A.1 – Voltage flicker Pst vs. active power
Figure A.2 – Flicker coefficient c(30°) vs. active power
Table A.5 – Flicker coefficient per power bin (95th percentile)
Figure A.3 – Flicker coefficient c(50°) vs. active power
Figure A.4 – Flicker coefficient c(70°) vs. active power
Figure A.5 – Flicker coefficient c(85°) vs. active power
Table A.6 – Start-up at cut in wind speed
Figure A.6 – Time series of 3-phase voltages as RMSof start-up at the wind speed of … m/s
Figure A.7 – Time series of 3-phase currents as RMSof start-up at the wind speed of … m/s
Figure A.8 – Time series of active and reactive powerof start-up at the wind speed of … m/s
Table A.7 – Start-up at nominal active power
Figure A.9 – Time series of 3-phase voltages as RMSof start-up at nominal active power
Figure A.10 – Time series of 3-phase currents as RMSof start-up at nominal active power
Figure A.11 – Time series of active and reactive powerof start-up at nominal active power
Table A.8 – Worst-case switching between generators
Figure A.12 – Time series of 3-phase voltages as RMSof change from generator stage 1 to stage 2
Figure A.13 – Time series of 3-phase currents as RMSof change from generator stage 1 to stage 2
Figure A.14 – Time series of active and reactive powerof change from generator stage 1 to stage 2
Figure A.15 – Time series of 3-phase voltages as RMSof change from generator stage 2 to stage 1
Figure A.16 – Time series of 3-phase currents as RMSof change from generator stage 2 to stage 1
Figure A.17 – Time series of active and reactive powerof change from generator stage 2 to stage 1
Table A.9 – General test information
Table A.10 – 95th percentile of 10-min harmonic magnitudes per power bin
Table A.11 – 95th percentile of 10-min harmonic magnitudes per power bin
Table A.12 – 95th percentile of 10-min harmonic magnitudes per power bin
A.4 Steady-state operation
Figure A.18 – Max. of the 95th percentiles of integerharmonic currents vs. harmonic order
Figure A.19 – Max. of the 95th percentiles ofinterharmonic currents vs. frequency
Figure A.20 – Max. of the 95th percentiles of higherfrequency current components vs. frequency
Table A.13 – Active power against wind speed (see 8.3.2)
Figure A.21 – Active power as a function of the wind speed
Table A.14 – Measurement data set
Table A.15 – Maximum active power
Figure A.22 – Reactive power vs. active power
Table A.16 – Reactive power characteristic
Figure A.23 – PQ-Diagram
Table A.17 – PQ-diagram
Figure A.24 – PQ-Diagram
Table A.18 – PQ-diagram at maximum voltage
Figure A.25 – PQ-Diagram
Table A.19 – PQ-diagram at minimum voltage
Table A.20 – P-IUFi diagram
Figure A.26 – Mean 1-min current unbalance factor over active power
Figure A.27 – Time-series of active power reference values, available power and measured active power output during active power control for the evaluation of the static error
Figure A.28 – Time-series of measured wind speed during active power control during the test of the static error
Table A.21 – General test information
Table A.22 – Static error
Figure A.29 – Time-series of active power reference values, available power and measured active power output during active power control for the evaluation of the settling time
Figure A.30 – Time-series of available and measured activepower output during ramp rate limitation
Table A.23 – Dynamic response
Table A.24 – General test information
Table A.25 – Active power ramp rate calculation at start-up
Figure A.31 – Time-series of measured wind speed during ramp rate limitation
Figure A.32 – Time-series of available and measured activepower output during ramp rate limitation
Figure A.33 – Time-series of measured wind speed during ramp rate limitation
Table A.26 – General test information
Table A.27 – Active power ramp rate limitation at start-up
Figure A.34 – Time-series of available and measured activepower output during ramp rate limitation
Figure A.35 – Time-series of measured wind speed during ramp rate limitation
Table A.28 – General test information
Table A.29 – Active power ramp rate limitation at normal stop
Table A.30 – General test information
Figure A.36 – Time-series of available and measured activepower output during ramp rate limitation
Figure A.37 – Time-series of measured wind speed during ramp rate limitation
Table A.31 – Active power ramp rate limitation in normal operation
Table A.32 – General test information
Figure A.38 – Time-series of available power, measured active powerand reference value of the grid frequency change
Figure A.39 – Time-series of measured wind speed
Figure A.40 – Measured active power over frequency change
Table A.33 – Test at 0,25 × Pn < P < 0,5 × Pn
Figure A.41 – Time-series of available power, measured activepower and reference value of the grid frequency change
Figure A.42 – Time-series of measured wind speed
Figure A.43 – Measured active power over frequency change
Table A.34 – Test at P > 0,8 x Pn
Figure A.44 – Test 1, time-series of available power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for 0,25 × Pn < P < 0,5 × Pn
Figure A.45 – Test 1, time-series of wind speed for 0,25 × Pn < P < 0,5 × Pn
Table A.35 – Synthetic inertia results
Figure A.46 – Test 2, time-series of available power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for 0,25 × Pn < P < 0,5 × Pn
Figure A.47 – Test 2, time-series of wind speed for 0,25 × Pn < P < 0,5 × Pn
Figure A.48 – Test 3, time-series of available power, measured active power and reference values of the grid frequency for P > 0,8 × Pn
Figure A.49 – Test 3, time-series of wind speed for P > 0,8 × Pn
Figure A.50 – Test 4, time-series of available power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for P > 0,8 × Pn
Figure A.51 – Test 4, time-series of wind speed for P > 0,8 × Pn
Figure A.52 – Test 5, time-series of available power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for v > vn
Figure A.53 – Test 5, time-series of wind speed for v > vn
Figure A.54 – Test 6, time-series of available power, measured active power and reference value of the grid frequency for v > vn
Figure A.55 – Test 6, time-series of wind speed for v > vn
Figure A.56 – Time-series of reactive power reference values and measured reactive power during the test of reactive power control
Figure A.57 – Time-series of active power during the test of reactive power control
Table A.36 – General test information
Table A.37 – Static error
Figure A.58 – Time-series of reactive power reference values and measured reactive power during the test of reactive power dynamic response
Figure A.59 – Time-series of active power during the testof reactive power dynamic response
Table A.38 – Dynamic response
A.5 Dynamic performance (see 8.5)
Figure A.60 – Wave shape of 3-phase voltages during entrance of voltage dip/swell when the WT under test is not connected
Table A.39 – Results for tests where the WT is not connected
Figure A.61 – Wave shape of 3-phase voltages during clearance of voltage dip/swell when the WT under test is not connected
Figure A.62 – 3-phase voltages as RMS (1 line period) duringthe test when the WT under test is not connected
Figure A.63 – Positive sequence voltage during the test whenthe WT under test is not connected
Table A.40 – Results for tests where the WT is connected
Figure A.64 – Wave shape of 3-phase voltages during entranceof the voltage dip/swell when the WT under test is connected
Figure A.65 – Wave shape of 3-phase voltages during clearanceof the voltage dip/swell when the WT under test is connected
Figure A.66 – 3-phase voltages as RMS (1 line period) duringthe test when the WT under test is connected
Figure A.67 – Positive and negative sequence fundamental voltage duringthe test when the WT under test is connected
Figure A.68 – 3-phase currents as RMS (1 line period) duringthe test when the WT under test is connected
Figure A.69 – Pos. and neg. sequence fundamental current duringthe test when the WT under test is connected
Figure A.70 – Pos. sequence fundamental active power duringthe test when the WT under test is connected.
Figure A.71 – Pos. sequence fundamental reactive power duringthe test when the WT under test is connected
Figure A.72 – Pos. sequence fundamental active current duringthe test when the WT under test is connected
Figure A.73 – Pos. sequence fundamental reactive current duringthe test when the WT under test is connected
A.6 Disconnection from grid (see 8.6)
Figure A.74 – Wind speed or available power during the test whenthe WT under test is connected
Table A.41 – Voltage protection
Table A.42 – Frequency protection
Table A.43 – Complete trip circuit test
Figure A.75 – Voltage during the reconnection test of 10 s
Figure A.76 – Active power during the reconnection test of 10 s, including the recovery
Table A.44 – RoCoF test results
Table A.45 – RoCoF test information
Table A.46 – Reconnection test results
Figure A.77 – Time-series of measured wind speed during the reconnection test of 10 s
Figure A.78 – Voltage during the reconnection test of 60 s
Figure A.79 – Active power during the reconnection test of 60 s, including the recovery
Figure A.80 – Time-series of measured wind speed during the reconnection test of 60 s
Figure A.81 – Voltage during the reconnection test of 600 s
Figure A.82 – Active power during the reconnection test of 600 s including the recovery
Figure A.83 – Time-series of measured wind speed during the reconnection test of 600 s
Annex B (informative)Voltage fluctuations and flicker [Go to Page]
B.1 Continuous operation
B.2 Switching operations
Figure B.1 – Measurement procedure for flicker duringcontinuous operation of the wind turbine
B.3 Verification test of the measurement procedure for flicker [Go to Page]
B.3.1 General
Figure B.2 – Measurement procedure for voltage changes and flickerduring switching operations of the wind turbine
Table B.1 – Nominal values of the wind turbine usedin the verification tests [Go to Page]
B.3.2 Fictitious grid performance testing
Table B.2 – Input relative current fluctuation, ΔI/I, for flicker coefficientc((ψk) = 2,00 ( 5 % when Sk,fic = 20·Sn
Table B.3 – Input relative current fluctuation, ΔI/I, for flicker coefficientc((ψk) = 2,00 ( 5 % when Sk,fic = 50·Sn [Go to Page]
B.3.3 Distorted um(t) voltage with multiple zero crossings
B.3.4 Distorted um(t) voltage with inter-harmonic modulation
Table B.4 – Test specification for distorted voltage with multiple zero crossings [Go to Page]
B.3.5 Slow frequency changes
B.4 Deduction of definitions [Go to Page]
B.4.1 Flicker coefficient
B.4.2 Flicker step factor
B.4.3 Voltage change factor
Annex C (normative)Measurement of active power, reactive power and voltage [Go to Page]
C.1 General
C.2 Generator convention of the signs
Figure C.1 – Positive directions of active power, reactive power, instantaneous phase voltages and instantaneous phase currents with generator convention
C.3 Calculation of positive, negative and zero sequence quantities [Go to Page]
C.3.1 Phasor calculations
Figure C.2 – Examples of the power phasor diagrams of the generator convention in each quadrant with respective instantaneous phase voltage and current [Go to Page]
C.3.2 Calculation of the positive sequence quantities using phasor components
C.3.3 Calculation of the negative sequence quantities using phasor components
C.3.4 Calculation of the zero sequence quantities using phasor components
Annex D (informative)Harmonic evaluation [Go to Page]
D.1 General
D.2 General analysis methods [Go to Page]
D.2.1 General
D.2.2 Harmonic voltages
D.2.3 Harmonic phase angles and magnitudes
Figure D.1 – Definition of the phase angles of the spectral line in generator convention – (5th harmonic with αI5 = + 120° and αU5 = + 170°shown as an example, thus 5th harmonic phase angle is φ5 = + 170° − 120° = + 50°)
Figure D.2 – Comparison of harmonic amplitude aggregation (dotted) no aggregated amplitude directly from DFT with 10-cycle window, (dashed) 10-second aggregation
Figure D.3 – Comparison of the prevailing angle ratio (PAR) [Go to Page]
D.2.4 Statistical analysis
D.2.5 Sample rate adjustment
D.2.6 Determination of background harmonic voltage distortion
D.2.7 Diurnal variations of the harmonic voltage and current
D.2.8 Shutting down neighbouring WT or loads
D.2.9 Harmonics of current and voltage over power
D.2.10 Filters switching
D.2.11 Measuring at a standard source
D.2.12 Harmonics power flow + voltage measurement, phase angle
D.2.13 Voltage harmonics with and without operation of the tested wind turbine
Table D.1 – Example of measurements results presentation [Go to Page]
D.2.14 Measurements at different sites
D.2.15 Harmonic model
D.3 Determination of harmonic amplitude affected by space harmonics at DFAG systems
Annex E (informative)Assessment of power quality of wind turbines and wind power plants [Go to Page]
E.1 General
E.2 Voltage fluctuations [Go to Page]
E.2.1 General
E.2.2 Continuous operation
E.2.3 Switching operations
E.3 Current harmonics, interharmonics and higher frequency components
Table E.1– Specification of exponents in accordance with IEC TR 61000-3-6
Annex F (informative)Guidelines for the transferability of test results to different turbine variants in the same product platform [Go to Page]
Figure F.1 – Block diagram for generic wind turbine (source IEC 61400-27-1)
Table F.1– Main components influencing the electrical characteristics of the WT
Bibliography [Go to Page]

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