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PD IEC TR 60522-2:2020 Medical electrical equipment. Diagnostic X-rays - Guidance and rationale on quality equivalent filtration and permanent filtration, 2020
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- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 Technical issues in IEC 60522:1999 [Go to Page]
- 4.1 General
- 4.2 Subclause 4.1, second dash, of IEC 60522:1999
- 4.3 Subclause 4.3, first paragraph, of IEC 60522:1999
- 4.4 Subclause 4.3, item a) of IEC 60522:1999
- 4.5 Subclause 4.3, item d), last phrase, of IEC 60522:1999
- 4.6 Subclause 4.3, last paragraph, of IEC 60522:1999
- 4.7 Subclause 4.6, second paragraph, second phrase of IEC 60522:1999
- 5 Influence of high voltage and of atomic number of filter material [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- 5.2 Radiography – Atomic number of filters ≤30
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Typical filter materials for mammography and radiography
- Figure 2 – Quality equivalent filtration of elements as a function of high voltage
- Data adapted from reference [4]. Axes logarithmic [Go to Page]
- Figure 3 – Mass X-ray attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) vs. photon energy
- Figure 4 – Energetic location of discontinuities of the absorption coefficients (vertical axis) of elements vs. their atomic number, characteristic lines, L- and K-edge energies
- Figure 5 – qef of 0,1 mm Cu filter vs. thicknessof an additional Al filter (at high voltage of 75 kV)
- Figure 6 – Quality equivalent filtration of elements with 1,0 mm Al pre-filtration as a function of high voltage (W target with target angle 10°,thickness according to Figure 2)
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – qef-variation of 0,1 mm Cu filter with Al pre-filtration
- Figure 7 – qef of 0,1 mm Cu as determined with various pre-filtration materialsas a function of high voltage
- Figure 8 – X-ray spectra (12 ° W target, 100 kV high voltage)for filter materials Cu and Al with the same qef
- 5.3 Radiography – Atomic number of filters >30
- Figure 9 – X-ray spectra from a 12° W target with 1,0 mm additional filtration
- 5.4 Mammography
- Figure 10 – qef of a 0,025 mm W filter as a function of high voltage
- Table 2 – Representative combinations of mammography targets and filters
- 5.5 Additivity [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1 General
- Figure 11 – Four typical examples of permanent filtrationof mammographic X-ray tube assemblies as a function of high voltage
- Table 3 – Sample comparison of concepts of addition: IEC 60522:1999
- Table 4 – Sample comparison of concepts of addition: IEC 60522-1
- Figure 12 – Inconsistent results from addition of the qefs according to IEC 60522:1999.
- Table 5 – Permanent filtration per order of the filters – comparison of concepts [Go to Page]
- 5.5.3 Mammography
- 5.5.4 Decision process for the indirect determination of the permanent filtration
- Figure 13 – Example of failing additivity concept of IEC 60522:1999 in mammography
- 6 Alignment of the reference axes [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General
- 6.2 Radiography – Atomic number ≤30
- Figure 14 – Indirect determination of permanent filtration
- 6.3 Radiography – Atomic number >30
- 6.4 Mammography
- Table 6 – Impact of angular misalignment on permanent filtration
- Table 7 – Impact of angular misalignment on permanent filtration
- Table 8 – Impact of angular misalignment on permanent filtration
- 7 Requirements on the high voltage [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Radiography – Determination at the K-edge – Requirement on constancy
- Table 9 – Impact of high voltage shift (close to K-edge) on permanent filtration
- Table 10 – Impact of high voltage shift (distant from K-edge) on permanent filtration
- 7.3 Mammography – Requirement on constancy
- 7.4 Ripple
- Table 11 – Impact of shift of high voltage on permanent filtration
- 7.5 Choice of high voltage
- Table 12 – Sensitivity for voltage ripple
- 8 Filtering material – Representative target angle [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Radiography – Atomic number ≤30
- 8.3 Radiography – Atomic number >30
- Table 13 – Influence on qef of low-Z filtration and of target angle
- 8.4 Mammography
- Figure 15 – Dependency of the qef of a 0,025 mm W filter on the target angle
- 9 Radiation beam simulations [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Simulation tool
- 9.2 Validation
- Figure 16 – qef for a range of practical target angles in mammography
- 10 Statement of quality equivalent filtration [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Accuracy
- 10.2 Permanent filtration
- Table 14 – Comparison of simulated and measured permanent filtration
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
